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It consists of 4 part for modern PC :
1. memory
The word "memory" is used to describe an electronic circuit that is able to accommodate data and program instructions. Memory can be thought as a workspace for computer and memory also determine the size and number of programs that can run in the same time, as well as the amount of data that can be processed. Memory is sometimes called as the primary storage, primary memory, main storage, main memory, internal storage or random access memory (RAM). There are four different types of computer memory, those are :
- random access memory
- read-only memory
- CMOS memory
- virtual memory
RAM is called volatile memory. Which means if the electrical power removed from the computer and the computer is dead, then all content that is in RAM will be lost permanently. Because, RAM is temporary and volatile, then people create a permanent storage. This is usually called as secondary storage. Secondary storage is durable and non-volatile too, this means all data or programs stored in it can still exist even if the power or electricity is turned off. Some examples of secondary storage, for instance, are a magnetic tape, hard disk, magnetic disk and optical disk.
Read Only Memory
Read Only Memory (ROM) is a set of chips that contain part of the operating system which is needed when the computer starts up. ROM is also known as a firmware. ROM is not writable or changeable for the user. ROM classified in the media that are non-volatile storage. ROM chips come from the factory with programs or instructions that have been stored in it. The only way to replace its contents is removing it from the computer and replace it with anotherROM.
The function of this ROM as a storage such example is the BIOS (Basic Input-Output System) which is made by the manufacturer. BIOS is a very critical part of an operating system, which functions to tell the computer how do I access the disk drives. When the computer is turned on, RAM is still empty and there are instructions in the ROM BIOS that is used by the CPU to find the disk drive that contains the main files in the operating system. Computer transfer those files into RAM and then run it.
There are three variations of the ROM, namely:
PROM, or programmable read only memory. PROM chip is a chip that is empty in which the program can be written into it by using a special equipment. PROM chips can be programmed once and usually used by the factory as control devices in its products.
EPROM, or erasable programmable read only memory. EPROM similar to PROM, but the program can be removed and the new program could be written into it by using a special equipment that uses ultraviolet light. EPROM is used for controlling devices, such as robots and so forth.
EEPROM, or electronic erasable programmable read only memory. EEPROM chip can be reprogrammed using a special electric impulses. They do not need to be revoked or modified.
CMOS
CMOS (pronounced "seemoss") stands for "complementary metal oxidesemiconductor". CMOS is a special memory that contains vital data about your computer configuration and it's semi-permanent. Without this data, the computer will not be able to operate. CMOS is more permanent than RAM and less permanent than ROM. CMOS requires very little power to maintain its contents, and these chips utilize batteries as a source of electrical power. When a change is needed into the computer system configuration (eg no additional hard drive, adding RAM, etc.), then the CMOS can be changed by running a special utility programs are available through the operating system.
3. Hard Disk
Hard Drive is an external storage media. The ability of the PC is determined also by theperformance of your hard disk. Characteristics of Harddisk:
- Capacity is the ability of the hard drive to store data. The unit is bytes.
- The speed of play, the disc rotation speed of disk per minute. Unit rpm (rotation perminutes) rotational speed of 7200-10000
- The physical size avg is 3.5 inches. Which measures 5 + inches long, now began to be developed 2 + inches and 1 + inch.
- Transfer rate is how fast data can be transferred to and from the disk (platter) to perform the process of writing or reading data.
- Access time avg, average amount of time that it takes to move the heads from one cylinder to another cylinder in a random distance.
4. Processor
Processor is the brain of the computer. A computer must have a processor, because the processor is the principal component of the system using processsor komputer.Hampir all PCs made by Intel or compatible with processors made by Intel, such as artificial IBM, AMD and Cyrix. The types of processors that have been produced by Intel, among others: Pentium, Pentium-MMX, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV, dual core, core 2 duo, quart core.Fan Processor is a tool used to keep the processor not too hot temperature.
Instruction Processor
Instruction Cycle divided into two cycles of Cycle Fetch and Execute Cycle.
or series of actions performed on the CPU to execute each machine language contained in the program.
Fetch Cycle includes the step reading instruction from main memory and read data from main memory.
Execute Cycle covers the execution of existing instructions and save the results of instruction.
In simple processors, each instruction to be executed is inserted into the IR and will remain stored during the decoding process, prepared and finally executed.
Program Counter will automatically iterate for every instruction cycle, registers in a computer processor that stores sequences of instructions, save the instruction address which is in execution or save the address of next instruction to be executed, branching and subprogram is processed by doing the interrupt to the PC.
In almost all PC processors will directly diincrement after taking instruction to be placed on IR.
Instruction set is a set of instructions can be executed by the processor.
Existing instruction set processors are arithmetic and logic instructions, instruction data, and control instructions.
Instruction Register (IR)
Part of the CPU that holds the instruction being executed. Use of this IR will be slightly different if using a processor complex, for example, for processors that use the pipeline technique
Read Only Memory (ROM) is a set of chips that contain part of the operating system which is needed when the computer starts up. ROM is also known as a firmware. ROM is not writable or changeable for the user. ROM classified in the media that are non-volatile storage. ROM chips come from the factory with programs or instructions that have been stored in it. The only way to replace its contents is removing it from the computer and replace it with another
The function of this ROM as a storage such example is the BIOS (Basic Input-Output System) which is made by the manufacturer. BIOS is a very critical part of an operating system, which functions to tell the computer how do I access the disk drives. When the computer is turned on, RAM is still empty and there are instructions in the ROM BIOS that is used by the CPU to find the disk drive that contains the main files in the operating system. Computer transfer those files into RAM and then run it.
There are three variations of the ROM, namely:
PROM, or programmable read only memory. PROM chip is a chip that is empty in which the program can be written into it by using a special equipment. PROM chips can be programmed once and usually used by the factory as control devices in its products.
EPROM, or erasable programmable read only memory. EPROM similar to PROM, but the program can be removed and the new program could be written into it by using a special equipment that uses ultraviolet light. EPROM is used for controlling devices, such as robots and so forth.
EEPROM, or electronic erasable programmable read only memory. EEPROM chip can be reprogrammed using a special electric impulses. They do not need to be revoked or modified.
CMOS
CMOS (pronounced "seemoss") stands for "complementary metal oxidesemiconductor". CMOS is a special memory that contains vital data about your computer configuration and it's semi-permanent. Without this data, the computer will not be able to operate. CMOS is more permanent than RAM and less permanent than ROM. CMOS requires very little power to maintain its contents, and these chips utilize batteries as a source of electrical power. When a change is needed into the computer system configuration (eg no additional hard drive, adding RAM, etc.), then the CMOS can be changed by running a special utility programs are available through the operating system.
Virtual Memory
Virtual memory is a data storage method in which part of the program or data stored in the magnetic disk and not in RAM, until such time as necessary. This will provide a kind of illusion that the RAM is unlimited. Means, virtual memory simulate itself as a RAM.It allows a computer to run more programs than ever before, manipulate larger data and also runs a large program without fear of shortage of RAM. Virtual storage is slower than RAM and non-volatile nature.
How the data and programs can be stored in memory.
The computer's main memory can be thought of as a two-dimensional table, where each cell has a unique address. Where each cell can store one byte of data using eight capacitors which represent eight bits in a byte.
Virtual memory is a data storage method in which part of the program or data stored in the magnetic disk and not in RAM, until such time as necessary. This will provide a kind of illusion that the RAM is unlimited. Means, virtual memory simulate itself as a RAM.It allows a computer to run more programs than ever before, manipulate larger data and also runs a large program without fear of shortage of RAM. Virtual storage is slower than RAM and non-volatile nature.
How the data and programs can be stored in memory.
The computer's main memory can be thought of as a two-dimensional table, where each cell has a unique address. Where each cell can store one byte of data using eight capacitors which represent eight bits in a byte.
2. Optical Drive
Optic device is a device that is easy to use. In fact, nearly every computer, must have a minimum of optical devices for reading CD (CD-ROM) or read a DVD (DVD-ROM).Especially when using a burner, you can write data in the form of documents, music, and video into a CD or DVD blank.
Both the CD-Audio and CD-ROMs use the same technology, which together made
of resin (polycarbonate), and coated by highly reflective surfaces such as aluminium. The information is digitally recorded as microscopic pits on a reflective surface. This process is carried out using high intensity laser.
Both the CD-Audio and CD-ROMs use the same technology, which together made
of resin (polycarbonate), and coated by highly reflective surfaces such as aluminium. The information is digitally recorded as microscopic pits on a reflective surface. This process is carried out using high intensity laser.
3. Hard Disk
Hard Drive is an external storage media. The ability of the PC is determined also by theperformance of your hard disk. Characteristics of Harddisk:
- Capacity is the ability of the hard drive to store data. The unit is bytes.
- The speed of play, the disc rotation speed of disk per minute. Unit rpm (rotation perminutes) rotational speed of 7200-10000
- The physical size avg is 3.5 inches. Which measures 5 + inches long, now began to be developed 2 + inches and 1 + inch.
- Transfer rate is how fast data can be transferred to and from the disk (platter) to perform the process of writing or reading data.
- Access time avg, average amount of time that it takes to move the heads from one cylinder to another cylinder in a random distance.
4. Processor
Processor is the brain of the computer. A computer must have a processor, because the processor is the principal component of the system using processsor komputer.Hampir all PCs made by Intel or compatible with processors made by Intel, such as artificial IBM, AMD and Cyrix. The types of processors that have been produced by Intel, among others: Pentium, Pentium-MMX, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV, dual core, core 2 duo, quart core.Fan Processor is a tool used to keep the processor not too hot temperature.
Instruction Processor
Instruction Cycle divided into two cycles of Cycle Fetch and Execute Cycle.
or series of actions performed on the CPU to execute each machine language contained in the program.
Fetch Cycle includes the step reading instruction from main memory and read data from main memory.
Execute Cycle covers the execution of existing instructions and save the results of instruction.
In simple processors, each instruction to be executed is inserted into the IR and will remain stored during the decoding process, prepared and finally executed.
Program Counter will automatically iterate for every instruction cycle, registers in a computer processor that stores sequences of instructions, save the instruction address which is in execution or save the address of next instruction to be executed, branching and subprogram is processed by doing the interrupt to the PC.
In almost all PC processors will directly diincrement after taking instruction to be placed on IR.
Instruction set is a set of instructions can be executed by the processor.
Existing instruction set processors are arithmetic and logic instructions, instruction data, and control instructions.
Instruction Register (IR)
Part of the CPU that holds the instruction being executed. Use of this IR will be slightly different if using a processor complex, for example, for processors that use the pipeline technique
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